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A torque converter in modern usage, is commonly a fluid coupling that is utilized to be able to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, like for example an internal combustion engine or an electrical motor, to a rotating driven load. Like a basic fluid coupling, the torque converter takes the place of a mechanized clutch. This allows the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter could offer the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque when there is a substantial difference between output and input rotational speed.
The most common kind of torque converter used in auto transmissions is the fluid coupling kind. In the 1920s there was also the Constantinesco or pendulum-based torque converter. There are other mechanical designs used for constantly changeable transmissions which have the ability to multiply torque. For instance, the Variomatic is a kind which has expanding pulleys and a belt drive.
The 2 element drive fluid coupling is incapable of multiplying torque. Torque converters have an element referred to as a stator. This alters the drive's characteristics throughout occasions of high slippage and produces an increase in torque output.
There are a minimum of three rotating parts inside a torque converter: the turbine, that drives the load, the impeller, which is mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator, that is between the turbine and the impeller so that it could alter oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Traditionally, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be prevented from rotating under any condition and this is where the word stator starts from. Actually, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This particular design prevents the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still enabling forward rotation.
Modifications to the basic three element design have been integrated sometimes. These changes have proven worthy specially in application where higher than normal torque multiplication is needed. Most commonly, these alterations have taken the form of many stators and turbines. Each and every set has been designed to produce differing amounts of torque multiplication. Several instances include the Dynaflow that utilizes a five element converter to be able to generate the wide range of torque multiplication needed to propel a heavy vehicle.
Even though it is not strictly a component of classic torque converter design, different automotive converters consist of a lock-up clutch to be able to lessen heat and to be able to improve cruising power transmission effectiveness. The application of the clutch locks the turbine to the impeller. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical which eliminates losses connected with fluid drive.
